Xa sithetha ngeshishini leemoto laseJamani, izinto zokuqala ezithi qatha engqondweni kukuqhuba kweBMW, ubunewunewu beMercedes-Benz, kunye nokuqina kweVolkswagen. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abantu abanikela ingqalelo kwi "backstage heroes" exhasa ezi mpawu - iingcingo zemoto. Ukuba injini "yintliziyo" yemoto, ke iingcingo zemoto "ziimpahla" kunye "nemithambo-luvo" kuwo wonke umzimba. Kwaye imigca yemoto esemgangathweni yaseJamani (imigca esemgangathweni yaseJamani), enengqiqo yobugcisa ephantse ibe "yinyameko", ibe "yimali enzima" abakhuphisana ngayo oomatshini behlabathi. Namhlanje, makhe sityhile iimfihlo zayo zomgangatho.
1.Ngaphaya "kweMigangatho yeNtlanganiso" : Umgangatho waseJamani uzichaza njani iimpawu "Ngaphaya kweKharityhulam"?
Kwintsimi yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso, "imigangatho" idla ngokuba yinto ephantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ingqiqo ye-German Standard Automotive Line kukuguqula imigangatho ibe "yisilingi". Lo mahluko kwiikhonsepthi unokubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo yimigqaliselo yayo kwizalathi ezingundoqo.
Thatha umbandela womqhubi njengomzekelo. Umgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe ufuna ukucoceka kobhedu olusetyenziswa kwiintambo zemoto ibe yi-99.9%, ngelixa umgangatho waseJamani uwunyusa ngokuthe ngqo ukuya kuma-99.95% obhedu oluphezulu{3}}olunyulu lwe-electrolytic. Musa ukukujongela phantsi oku kunyuka kwe-0.05%. Inokunyusa i-conductivity yocingo nge-3% kunye nokunciphisa ukuchasana no-5%. Oku akugcini nje ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla, kodwa kunciphisa umngcipheko womlilo obangelwa kushushu. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, umgangatho waseJamani ukwafuna ukuba abaqhubi basebenzise "i-bundling + double twisting" inkqubo yokujija kabini. Le nkqubo inokunyusa ukuguquguquka kocingo nge-40%. Kwiindawo ze-chassis yesithuthi ezixhomekeke kwii-vibrations rhoqo, ubomi benkonzo bandiswa ngokuphindwe kabini xa kuthelekiswa neengcingo eziqhelekileyo.
Uyilo lwe-insulation layer lubonisa ngakumbi "ingcinga ecocekileyo" yomgangatho waseJamani. Ngokomahluko wokusingqongileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemoto, umgangatho waseJamani uye wahlulahlula iindidi ezili-12 zeefomyula zezinto zokugquma: umaleko wokugquma irabha ye-silicone yegumbi le-injini, enokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwangoko ngexesha lokuqalisa injini; izinto zePVC zommandla womnyango, ongenakuqhekeka nasemva kwamaxesha angama-100,000 okuvulwa kocango kunye nokuvala iimvavanyo zokugoba; Idangatye -lomnqamlezo ongalibaliyo{5}}elidityaniselwe i-polyethylene imathiriyeli kufutshane netanki yamafutha, enokuzicima ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana emi-3 xa ibhengezwe emlilweni. Le "formula enye yecandelo elinye" umgangatho olungiselelweyo uyodlula lee imigangatho "yenjongo{8} jikelele" yamazwe amaninzi.
2.Ukusuka kwiLabhoratri ukuya kwiNdlela: "Uvavanyo olugqithisileyo" lweeNcingo zeMoto eziMgangatho zaseJamani
Ubunono beenjineli zaseJamani bubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo kwinkqubo yokuvavanya umgca wemoto. Bakholelwa ukuba "umgca weemoto ofanelekileyo kufuneka ube nako ukumelana nazo zonke iimeko ezigqithiseleyo kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi bemoto." Ngesi sizathu, i-Debiao iseke inkqubo yovavanyo emibini egubungela "iimeko ezingqongileyo ezigqithisileyo + iimeko zokusebenza ezigqithisileyo", kwaye izinto ezininzi zovavanyo zide zibhekiselele kuzo kushishino "njengovavanyo lwenqanaba elingaqhelekanga".
Kwigumbi lovavanyo lokusingqongileyo, iingcingo zeemoto zixhomekeke kwimpembelelo ye-cyclic "-40℃kubanda kakhulu →80℃high temperatures →95% high humidity", kunye nemijikelo eyi-10 ngosuku ngeentsuku ezingama-30 ezilandelelanayo. Umaleko wokugquma kufuneka ungabonisi nakuphi na ukuqhekeka okanye ukugqabhuka. Kuvavanyo lokudinwa koomatshini, iingcingo zimiliselwe kwibhentshi yovavanyo elinganisa ukungcangcazela kwe-chassis kwaye ishukunyiswa ngamaxesha angama-300 ngomzuzu. Emva kweeyure ezingama-500 zovavanyo oluqhubekayo, izinga lokuphuka kwabaqhubi akufanele lidlule i-0.1%. Olona vavanyo lungqongqo ngakumbi luvavanyo lwe-"chemical corrosion test". Ulwelo lovavanyo lusebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo umxube we-oyile ye-injini esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, i-brake fluid kunye ne-antifreeze kwiimoto. Emva kokuba iingcingo zicwiliselwe kuyo kwiiyure ze-1,000, ukuhla kwe-insulation resistance resistance akufanele kudlule i-10%.
Ukuphendula ukunyuka kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha, umgangatho waseJamani wongeze ngokukodwa "uvavanyo oluphezulu-lovavanyo lwe-voltage pulse". Kwiintambo zombane eziphakamileyo{{2} zevoltage, kufuneka zimelane 10 10nokuphakama kwe-kV{4}}iimpembelelo ze-voltage pulse ngomzuzu omnye, kwaye umaleko wokugquma akufunekanga ugqobhozwe. Lo mgangatho wovavanyo ujongana ngokuthe ngqo neendawo eziphezulu{6}}zentlungu yokhuseleko lwevoltage yezithuthi zamandla amatsha kwaye wenze umgangatho waseJamani ophakamileyo{7}}ukwenza iintambo zombane zevoltage zibe lukhetho olubalulekileyo kubenzi bezithuthi zamandla amatsha njengeTesla kunye ne-BYD.
3. "Ingcinga yokukhetha" yee-automakers zehlabathi: Kutheni kufuneka kusetyenziswe iMigangatho yesiJamani?
Kule mihla
Ayipheleli nje ekuboneleleni ngeemoto zasekhaya zaseJamani ezifana neVolkswagen, BMW kunye neMercedes{0}}Benz zibonelela ngeemoto ezileyibhile zaseJamani njengezixhobo ezisemgangathweni, kodwa nabavelisi beemoto kwihlabathi jikelele abafana noToyota, Ford kunye neHyundai baye bamkela iimveliso zeleyibhile zaseJamani kwiimodeli zabo{1}}eziphezulu. Emva koku kuqwalaselo oluchanekileyo lwabavelisi bemoto "yeendleko zomjikelo wobomi obugcweleyo".
Umboniso wedatha
Imodeli esebenzisa iingcingo zemoto eziqhelekileyo zaseJamani inezinga lokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yombane engaphezulu kwama-60% ngaphantsi kunaleyo yeemodeli zisebenzisa iingcingo eziqhelekileyo. Kushishino lweemoto, i-avareji yeendleko zokulungisa i-post{2}}yentengiso yokusilela kwenkqubo yombane enye yi-2,000 yuan, kwaye ngokomndilili, ukusilela kwenkqubo yombane kwenzeka amaxesha ama-3 ukuya kuma-5 ngexesha lomjikelo wobomi besithuthi. Kumenzi wemoto onomthamo wentengiso wonyaka weyunithi e-1 yesigidi, ngokusebenzisa iingcingo zemoto ezisemgangathweni zaseJamani, inokonga ukuya kumakhulu aliqela ezigidi zeeyuan ngexabiso lokuposa{9}}ngonyaka.
Ngaphezu koko
"Ukuhambelana" kwemigangatho yaseJamani kuye kwabonelela ngokulula kubenzi beemoto. Iinkcukacha zojongano kunye nokuphawulwa kombala kweengcingo zemoto eziqhelekileyo zaseJamani (ezifana neengcingo eziorenji eziphezulu{1}}nomnyama kwiingcingo zokumisa) zonke zibe yimigangatho eqhelekileyo yoshishino. Oku kuthetha ukuba iingcingo ezisemgangathweni zaseJamani eziveliswe ngababoneleli abahlukeneyo zinokutshintshwa ngokuthanda kwabo, kwaye abavelisi beemoto abafuni kutyalomali ezongezelelweyo iindleko zeR&D ukulungelelanisa iimveliso ezivela kubaboneleli abahlukeneyo. Le ndibaniselwano "yomgangatho + wokuhambelana" wenze umgca wemoto osemgangathweni waseJamani "ulwimi lwehlabathi" kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngeemoto zehlabathi.
I-4.Ixesha elizayo lilapha: IMigangatho yesiJamani ingaTshintshwa njani kwiiMfuno eziNtsha zeZithuthi ze-Smart?
Ngophuhliso lobuchule bokuqhuba kunye nothungelwano lwezithuthi, indima yemigca yeemoto isuka kwi-"signal transmitters" ukuya kwi "data transmission hubs". Ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yamashumi egigabytes yokuhanjiswa kwedatha yesithuthi ngesibini, imigangatho yaseJamani iye yahamba phambili ekuqaliseni uphando kunye nophuhliso lwesizukulwana esitsha semigangatho yomgca wemoto.
Okwangoku, i-DIN (i-German Institute for Standardization) ikhuphe idrafti yomgangatho we-DIN/TS 70113, ephakamisa isisombululo sesakhiwo se-"wiring + fibre optic" kwi-{2}}yesantya esiphezulu sokuhanjiswa kwedatha yezithuthi ezikrelekrele. Olu cingo ludityanisiweyo alukwazi ukuhambisa imiqondiso yamandla emveli kuphela kodwa luphumeza{4}}isantya esiphezulu sothumelo lwedatha ye-Ethernet yesithuthi ngolwakhiwo-kwifiber optic, ngesantya sothumelo oluya kuthi ga kwi-10 Gbps, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zothumelo lwedatha yesivamvo L4{9}}inqanaba lokuqhuba ngobukrelekrele. Kwangaxeshanye, umgangatho omtsha wongeza imfuno ye "electromagnetic shielding", ngokusebenzisa ifoyile ephindwe kabini yealuminium + elukiweyo yesakhiwo sokukhusela umnatha, izinga lokuthomalalisa lokuphazamiseka kombane lonyuswa ukuya kuma-99.9%, ukunqanda ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kuphazamiseke zizixhobo ezinjengeenjini kunye neerada.
Ukusuka kwiimoto zamafutha zemveli ukuya kwizithuthi zamandla amatsha, ukusuka ekuqhubeni okuqhelekileyo ukuya ekuqhubeni ngobukrelekrele, umgca wemoto waseJamani ubusoloko ukhokela umkhombandlela wetekhnoloji kushishino. Impumelelo yayo ayikho kuphela ekusukeleni umgangatho ophezulu, kodwa nakwingqikelelo echanekileyo yeendlela zoshishino. Mhlawumbi olu lolona khuphiswano luphambili lwe "German Manufacturing" - ayihambelani nemigangatho ngokungqongqo, kodwa isoloko ichaza imigangatho emitsha.
