Kwizixhobo zombane kunye neeprojekthi zocingo, "ukhuseleko" luhlala luyintambo ebomvu engavumelekanga. Xa kuziwa kwisiqinisekiso sokhuseleko lombane,isiqinisekiso se-ULngokungathandabuzekiyo "uphawu lwegolide" kushishino. Namhlanje, makhe sibe nengxoxo enzulu malunga neengcingo ezinesatifikethi se-UL (ekubhekiswa kuzo "njengeengcingo ze-UL" ngokufutshane) - ziyintoni kanye kanye? Kutheni le nto kufuneka ibe luphawu lokhuseleko olwamkelwa lihlabathi jikelele? Kwaye kweziphi iimeko esebenzayo?
Okokuqala, qonda: Yintoni kanye kanye isiqinisekiso se-UL?
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngeengcingo ze-UL, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa "ixabiso" lesatifikethi se-UL. I-UL, egama layo elipheleleyo lingu-Underwriters Laboratories, yasekwa ngo-1894 kwaye lelinye lamaziko oqinisekiso lokhuseleko lokuqala kunye{2}}nombutho wesithathu ehlabathini. Umsebenzi wayo ongundoqo kukuqinisekisa ngovavanyo lwezenzululwazi kunye novavanyo ukuba ingaba imveliso iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko yokhuseleko efana nomlilo kunye nokutshitshiswa kombane.
Ngokungafaniyo nemigangatho yeshishini "lokuzincoma", ukuqinisekiswa kwe-UL kwamkela imigangatho yoshishino evulekileyo nengqongqo (umzekelo, umgangatho we-UL 62 ngumgangatho ongundoqo ngokukodwa kwiintambo ezibhetyebhetye kunye neentambo), kwaye yonke inkqubo yoqinisekiso igqityezelwa ngokuzimeleyo liqela lesithathu ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kulo naliphi na ishishini lokuvelisa. Ke ngoko, iziphumo zayo zinokuthembeka okuphezulu kakhulu. Yaziwa ngokubanzi kuMntla Merika, eYurophu nakumazwe amaninzi nakwimimandla yehlabathi jikelele.
Iingcingo ze-UL: Ayisiyiyo nje "yokuba nesatifikethi"
Inkqubo yoqinisekiso: "umaleko{0}}ngo{1}}uvavanyo lomaleko" ukusuka kwimathiriyeli ekrwada ukuya kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo
Inkqubo yoqinisekiso lweengcingo ze-UL inokuchazwa njenge "rigory", ingakumbi ibandakanya la makhonkco abalulekileyo.
Uphononongo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada
Izinto ezingundoqo zeengcingo - ii-conductor (ezifana nobhedu, i-aluminiyam, njl.njl.), i-insulation layers (ezifana ne-PVC, i-XLPE, njl.), iileya ze-sheath, njl . - kufuneka zonke zihambelane nemigangatho yempahla echazwe yi-UL, efana ne-conductivity yombane yee-conductor kunye nobushushu kunye nokumelana nokuguga kwe-insulation layers. Amashishini kufuneka abonelele ngeengxelo zokuhlolwa komgangatho wemathiriyeli ekrwada kwaye amkele ukuhlolwa okungacwangciswanga.
Ukongamela inkqubo yemveliso
I-UL izakwenza{0}}uphicotho lwendawo yemigca yemveliso yamashishini okuvelisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zemveliso, ukuchaneka kwezixhobo, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho ziyahlangabezana neemfuno, kunye nokuphepha ukungathotyelwa kwemveliso{1}} ngenxa yokunxaxha kwemveliso.
Uvavanyo olungqongqo lweemveliso ezigqityiweyo
Eli linqanaba eliphambili lesiqinisekiso. Izinto zovavanyo zigubungela yonke imiba yokhuseleko, njengale: uvavanyo lokumelana nobushushu (ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokugquma kweengcingo kwindawo ephezulu{1}}yobushushu), uvavanyo lokumelana nombane (ukuthintela ukuqhekeka komgangatho kunye nokuvuza), uvavanyo lokulibaziseka komlilo (ukulibazisa ukutsha kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komsi onetyhefu xa kuqhambuka umlilo), uvavanyo lwe-tensile (ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo zokufakelwa kwe-insulation zigqithiswa kuphela, njl njl. kufunyanwe isiqinisekiso.
Landela{0}}ukukhangelwa kunye nokubekwa kweliso
Uqinisekiso lwe-UL ayisosisombululo sexesha elinye. Iqumrhu lezatifiketi liya kuphonononga rhoqo amashishini kwaye liqhube iimvavanyo zesampulu kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo. Nje ukuba imveliso ifunyaniswe{3}}ingahambisani nemigangatho, isiqinisekiso siyakunqunyanyiswa ngoko nangoko okanye sirhoxiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka komgangatho wemveliso.
I-Avanteji engundoqo: Kutheni ukhetha iingcingo ze-UL kuqala?
Ukhuseleko njengomnatha wokhuseleko, imingcipheko ephantsi
Eli lelona xabiso lingundoqo kwiingcingo ze-UL. Emva kokwenza iimvavanyo ezininzi -ezinjengelangatye, ukuxhathisa ubushushu kunye nokumelana noxinzelelo, ukuba nokwenzeka kokuvuza, ukujikeleza okufutshane kunye nomlilo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kuncitshiswe kakhulu. Ingakumbi kwiindawo ezixineneyo okanye -zamandla{4} aphezulu{4}ezemeko zomthwalo ezifana namakhaya, iindawo zokuthenga, kunye neefektri, iingcingo ze-UL zinokuwunciphisa umngcipheko wokutsha kombane ukusuka kwindawo.
Umgangatho ozinzileyo kunye nobomi benkonzo obude
Ulawulo olungqongqo lwesiqinisekiso se-UL kwizinto ezikrwada kunye neenkqubo zemveliso ziqinisekisa ukuhambelana okuphezulu kunye nokuzinza kweengcingo. Ngokomzekelo, i-insulation layer ayinakukwazi ukuguga okanye ukuqhekeka, kwaye ukuqhutyelwa kwe-conductor kuhlala kuzinzile ixesha elide. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubomi benkonzo yeengcingo ze-UL ngokuqhelekileyo bubude kunobo beingcingo eziqhelekileyo, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neengxaki zokugcinwa kunye nokutshintshwa kamva.
Iyasebenza kwihlabathi jikelele, thumela ngaphandle ixhala-simahla
Izatifikethi ze-UL zonwabela ukuqondwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kwimarike yaseMntla Melika, apho phantse kunyanzelekile ukuba iimveliso zombane zisebenzise iingcingo ezinesatifikethi se-UL. Ukuba ngaba izixhobo eziveliswe lishishini kufuneka zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle, ukusebenzisa iingcingo ze-UL kunokunciphisa kakhulu imiqobo yorhwebo kwaye kwandise ukukhuphisana kweemveliso.
Imigangatho ecacileyo yenza ukhetho lukhathazeke{0}}simahla
Kukho umgangatho odibeneyo womzekelo othiywa kweengcingo ze-UL, ezifana ne "UL 1007", "UL 1015", njl. Iimpawu ze-conductor, ubukhulu be-insulation, kunye namabakala okumelana nobushushu (afana ne-80 degree, i-105℃) ehambelana nemodeli nganye ichazwe ngokucacileyo. Abasebenzisi banokukhetha ngokukhawuleza uhlobo olusekelwe kwiimfuno zabo zokwenyani ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nengxaki "yokumakisha iparamitha yobuxoki".
Iimeko ezifanelekileyo zeengcingo ze-UL: Ezi ndawo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo
Kungenxa yeempawu zayo zokhuseleko kunye nokuzinza ukuba iingcingo ze-UL zineemeko ezininzi zesicelo, ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko.
intsimi yabantu
Iingcingo zesokethi kunye noqhagamshelo lwesibane ekuhombiseni ikhaya, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifumileyo kunye{0}}nobushushu obuphezulu obunje ngamakhitshi kunye nezindlu zokuhlambela; Kukwakho neengcingo zoqhagamshelo lwangaphakathi lwezixhobo zendlu, ezifana nezipholile-moya, iifriji, oomatshini bokuhlamba, njl.njl. Izixhobo ezininzi zekhaya{2}}ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziyakusebenzisa iingcingo ze-UL ukomeleza ukhuseleko.
intsimi yorhwebo
Kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezinje ngodederhu lweevenkile, izakhiwo zeeofisi, neehotele, iinkqubo zokukhanyisa, iingcingo zomoya ophakathi, neentambo zombane ezingxamisekileyo zixinene. Nje ukuba kwenzeke ingozi yombane, iziphumo ziya kuba mbi, kwaye iingcingo ze-UL zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo.
intsimi yezoshishino
Izixhobo zokuvelisa kwiifektri, imigca yendibano ezenzekelayo, i-wiring yangaphakathi yeebhokisi zokusasaza, njl., kwiindawo zoshishino, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iimeko zokusebenza ezinzima ezifana nokushisa okuphezulu, amabala e-oyile, kunye nokungcangcazela. Ukumelana nemozulu kunye nokuzinza kweengcingo ze-UL zihlangabezana nezi mfuno zingqongqo.
Ibala lezixhobo zokuthumela ngaphandle
Izixhobo zombane, izixhobo zonyango, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, njl.njl. ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kuMntla Melika, eYurophu, kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia nakweminye imimandla kufuneka isebenzise i-UL-iingcingo eziqinisekisiweyo ukuze zihambelane nemimiselo yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni.
Xa ukhetha iingcingo ze-UL, ziphephe ezi 2 zokungaqondani okuqhelekileyo
Nazi iingcebiso ezi-2 zokuthenga kwakho
Yazi "isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni" kwaye ukwale "iileyibhile zomgunyathi"
Kukho abathengisi abambalwa abanganyanisekanga kwimarike abaya kuncamathelisa amanqaku angeyonyani e-UL. Xa uthenga, unokujonga ulwazi lwesatifikethi semveliso nge-website esemthethweni ye-UL (faka inombolo yesatifikethi okanye igama leshishini) ukuze uqinisekise ukuba yimveliso eqinisekisiweyo ngokusemthethweni.
Khetha imodeli ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zakho. Akunjalo ukuba "ixabiso eliphezulu, ngcono"
Iingcingo ze-UL zeemodeli ezahlukeneyo zinokuxhathisa ubushushu obuhlukeneyo, ukuchasana nombane kunye neenkcukacha zomqhubi. Njengokuba,UL 1007(enokumelana nobushushu obuyi-80℃) idla ngokwanela ukuhombisa ikhaya, ngelixa kwindawo yeshishini{1}}lobushushu obuphezulu, iimodeli ezinokumelana nobushushu be-125℃okanye ngaphezulu kufuneka zikhethwe. Akukho mfuneko yokulandela ngokumfamekileyo imifuziselo{4} yamaxabiso aphezulu.
Ukuqukumbela, ixabiso eliphambili leULIingcingo zilele "ekutshintshiseni ngemigangatho engqongqo kwiziqinisekiso zokhuseleko". Nokuba kukuhonjiswa kwekhaya, imveliso yeshishini okanye ukuthumela ngaphandle imveliso, ukukhetha iingcingo ze-UL lugxininiso kukhuseleko kunye nokwandisa iindleko zosetyenziso lwexesha elide{1}. Emva koko, kwintsimi yobunjineli bombane, "ukhuseleko" luhlala luhlala lutyalo-mali olufanelekileyo.
